Citations
[1] Kristen Hare, “The Coronavirus has closed more than 25 local newsrooms.” Poynter Institute, 2020 https://www.poynter.org/locally/2020/the-coronavirus-has-closed-more-than-25-local-newsrooms-across-america-and-counting/
[2] Matt DeRienzo, “A Recession, Then a Collapse,” Nieman Lab, 2017, https://www.niemanlab.org/2017/12/a-recession-then-a-collapse/.
[3] Victor Pickard, “Journalism’s Market Failure Is a Crisis for Democracy,” Harvard Business Review, March 12, 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/03/journalisms-market-failure-is-a-crisis-for-democracy.
[4] James Hamilton, All the News That’s Fit to Sell (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
[5] Knight Commission, “Crisis in Democracy: Renewing Trust in America,” Aspen Institute, Aspen Digital, 2019, https://csreports.aspeninstitute.org/Knight-Commission-TMD/2019/report.
[6] Michael Aaron, “Final Edition: 3 Arkansas Newspapers Say Goodbye After Decades of Coverage,” THV11, September 14, 2018, https://www.thv11.com/article/life/final-edition-3-arkansas-newspapers-say-goodbye-after-decades-of-coverage/91-594613344.
[7] Rex Nelson, “So Long, Siftings Herald,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, September 12, 2018, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/sep/12/so-long-siftings-herald-20180912/.
[8] Steven Waldman, The Information Needs of Communities: The Changing Media Landscape in a Broadband Age, Federal Communications Commission, July 2011, https://transition.fcc.gov/osp/inc-report/The_Information_Needs_of_Communities.pdf.
[9] Penelope Muse Abernathy, Saving Community Journalism: The Path to Profitability (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2014)
[10] Alex Jones, Losing the News: The Future of the News that Feeds Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
[11] William Dill, “Growth of Newspapers in the United States,” University of Kansas, March 15, 1928, https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/21361/dill_1928_3425151.pdf?sequence=1
[12] Penelope Muse Abernathy, “UNC Newspaper Database,” UNC Hussman School of Journalism, UNC-Chapel Hill, 2019, https://www.usnewsdeserts.com.
[13] Penelope Muse Abernathy, Saving Community Journalism: The Path to Profitability (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2014)
[14] Penelope Muse Abernathy, “Methodology,” UNC Hussman School of Journalism, UNC-Chapel Hill, 2019, https://www.usnewsdeserts.com/methodology/.
[15] Kalea Hall, “Farewell to The Vindicator,” Medium, April 17, 2020, https://medium.com/saying-goodbye-to-the-vindicator/farewell-to-the-vindicator-1bcf1c1a7848.
[16] “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” United States Census Bureau, September 12, 2017, https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html.
[17] Terry Dickson, “Waycross Journal-Herald Ceases Publication,” The Brunswick News, September 30, 2019, https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/local_news/waycross-journal-herald-ceases-publication/article_7ac58d42-09f4-5096-88c1-5cf5339ca149.html.
See Also: Heather Chapman, “Daily Paper in Waycross, Georgia, Closes, Increasing the Number of 'News Desert' Counties in the State to 29 of 159,” The Rural Blog, Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, October 1, 2019, http://irjci.blogspot.com/2019/10/rural-georgia-daily-closes-increasing.html.
[18] “Waycross Mourns Longtime Publisher,” The Blackshear Times, October 29, 2019, http://www.theblacksheartimes.com/news/waycross-mourns-longtime-publisher/article_f98c0eb4-fa7b-11e9-a540-8785c00d5f15.html.
[19] Rex Nelson, “So Long, Siftings Herald,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, September 12, 2018, https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/sep/12/so-long-siftings-herald-20180912/.
[20] United States Census Bureau: Pryor Creek, Oklahoma, 2017, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pryorcreekcityoklahoma.
See Also: William W. Savage III, “Pryor Daily Times Closes, Locals ‘Stunned’ by Loss of Online Archives,” nondoc.com, May 10, 2017, https://nondoc.com/2017/05/10/pryor-daily-times-closes-locals/
[21] Levi Pulkinnen, “Lessons on Going Online-Only From SeattlePI,” Columbia Journalism Review, July 18, 2018, https://www.cjr.org/business_of_news/seattle-pi-online-only.php.
See Also: Ron Shawgo, “News-Sentinel Is Going Digital,” Journal Gazette, August 25, 2017, https://www.journalgazette.net/news/local/20170825/news-sentinel-is-going-digital.
And: News-Sentinel, “Home,” News-Sentinel, Accessed May 16, 2020, https://www.news-sentinel.com/.
[22] “Ogden Newspapers Buys Some Vindicator Assets,” News & Tech, September 2, 2019, https://newsandtech.com/mergers_acquisitions/ogden-newspapers-buys-some-vindicator-assets/article_e21140e4-cd9c-11e9-89e1-fffcf3f0e4a2.html.
[23] Mahoning Matters, “Home,” Mahoning Matters, Accessed May 16, 2020, https://www.mahoningmatters.com/.
[24] Kalea Hall, “Farewell to The Vindicator,” Medium, April 17, 2020, https://medium.com/saying-goodbye-to-the-vindicator/farewell-to-the-vindicator-1bcf1c1a7848.
[25] Al Cross, “CNHI Closes Weeklies in NE Ky., Will Send Subscribers Daily Once a Week; University Town 55 Miles Away Has No Paper,” The Rural Blog, Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, May 1, 2020, https://irjci.blogspot.com/2020/05/community-newspaper-holdings-closes.html.
[26] Ibid.
[27] Kristen Hare, “The Coronavirus has closed more than 25 local newsrooms.” Poynter Institute, 2020 https://www.poynter.org/locally/2020/the-coronavirus-has-closed-more-than-25-local-newsrooms-across-america-and-counting/
[28] Kristen Hare, “The Coronavirus has closed more than 25 local newsrooms.” Poynter Institute, 2020 https://www.poynter.org/locally/2020/the-coronavirus-has-closed-more-than-25-local-newsrooms-across-america-and-counting/
[29] Tali Arbel and Alexandra Olson, “As Gannett, GateHouse Merge, More Cuts to New England Newspapers,” boston.com, August 24, 2019, https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2019/08/24/as-gannett-gatehouse-merge-more-cuts-to-new-england-newspapers.
[30] Callum Borchers, “50 Mass. Newspapers Will Reportedly Consolidate Into 18,” WBUR, May 31, 2019, https://www.wbur.org/bostonomix/2019/05/31/gatehouse-weekly-newspaper-consolidations.
[31] Paige Pfleger, “When The Local Paper Closes, Where Does The Community Turn?” National Public Radio, June 21, 2015, https://www.npr.org/2015/06/21/415199073/when-the-local-paper-closeswhere-does-the-community-turn.
[32] Paul Farhi, “The End Comes for Another Local Newspaper, 165 Years After It Began,” The Washington Post, January 30, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-end-comes-for-another-local-newspaper-165-years-after-it-began/2020/01/30/47c40b20-3647-11ea-bb7b-265f4554af6d_story.html.
[33] José Umaña, “County Officials React to Montgomery County Sentinel Closure,” The Sentinel, January 30, 2020, https://mont.thesentinel.com/2020/01/30/county-officials-react-to-montgomery-county-sentinel-closure/.
[34] Library of Congress, “About the Evening Press. (Carthage, Mo.) 1885-1891,” Chronicling America, Library of Congress, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89066634/.
See Also: Tyler Wornell, “Carthage Press to Close After 134 Years of Operation,” The Joplin Globe, August 29, 2018, https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/update-carthage-press-to-close-after-years-of-operation/article_2cd2f510-ab97-11e8-8069-6b585c4deb6f.html.
[35] Clara Hendrickson, “Critical in a Public Health Crisis, COVID-19 has Hit Local Newsrooms Hard,” Brookings, April 8, 2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/04/08/critical-in-a-public-health-crisis-covid-19-has-hit-local-newsrooms-hard/.
[36] Lewis Friedland et al., “Review of the Literature Regarding Critical Information Needs of the American Public,” Federal Communications Commission, July 16, 2012, https://transition.fcc.gov/bureaus/ocbo/Final_Literature_Review.pdf.
[37] Philip Napoli et al., “Assessing Local Journalism,” Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, August, 2018, https://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Assessing-Local-Journalism_100-Communities.pdf.
[38] Philip Napoli and Jessica Mahone, “Local Newspapers Are Suffering, but They’re Still (by Far) the Most Significant Journalism Producers in Their Communities,” Nieman Lab, September 9, 2019, https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/09/local-newspapers-are-suffering-but-theyre-still-by-far-the-most-significant-journalism-producers-in-their-communities/.
See Also: Jessica Mahone et al., “Who’s Producing Local Journalism: Assessing Journalistic Output Across Different Outlet Types,” Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, August, 2019, https://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/whos-producing-local-journalism-nmrp-report/.
[39] Pengjie Gao, Chang Lee, Dermot Murphy, “Financing Dies in Darkness? The Impact of Newspaper Closures on Public Finance” (August 10, 2018). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3175555 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175555.
[40] Rural and nonrural classification is derived from United States Department of Agriculture’s RuralUrban Continuum Codes (RUCC) definition of metro and nonmetro. Metro counties include counties that fall within RUCC 1-3 while nonmetro counties fall within RUCC 4-9. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/documentation/.
[41] “Income and Poverty in the United States: 2016,” United States Census Bureau, September 12, 2017, https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html.
[42] James Hamilton and Fiona Morgan, “Poor Information: How Economics Affects the Information Lives of Low-Income Individuals,” International Journal of Communication, 12 (2018): https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/8340.
[43] States were grouped into regions according to the following classifications: Pacific: AK, CA, HI, OR, WA; Mountain: AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY; Midwest: IL, IN, MI, OH, WI, IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD; Mid-Atlantic: NJ, NY, PA; South: AL, AR, DC, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV; New England: CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT.
[44] Helen Branswell, “When Towns Lose Their Newspapers, Diseases Detectives Are Left Flying Blind,” Stat News, March 20, 2018, https://www.statnews.com/2018/03/20/news-deserts-infectious-disease/.
[45] Viola Gienger, “Coronavirus, Public Perceptions and the Dangers of ‘News Deserts,’ ” Just Security, March 25, 2020, https://www.justsecurity.org/69337/coronavirus-public-perceptions-and-the-dangers-of-news-deserts/.
[46] Jim Conaghan, Interview with Penny Abernathy discussing digital and print readership, May 02, 2016.
[47] Elizabeth Grieco, “U.S. Newspapers Have Shed Half of Their Newsroom Employees Since 2008,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, April 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/20/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008/.
[48] Steven Smethers, “Silent ‘Signal’: Baldwin City adjusts to life without a newspaper.” Kansas State University presentation, April 11, 2018.
[49] Amy Maestas, “Ann Arbor: Citizenship and the Local Newspaper,” 2017, Thwarting the Emergence of News Deserts, UNC-Chapel Hill. See also: Sarah Cavanah, “Measuring Metropolitan Newspaper Pullback and Its Effects on Political Participation,” 2016, Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, http://hdl.handle.net/11299/182213.
[50] Penelope Muse Abernathy, Saving Community Journalism: The Path to Profitability (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2014).
[51] Tom Rosenstiel and Amy Mitchell, “The State of the News Media, 2011,” Pew Research Center, 2011, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/05/State-of-the-News-Media-Report-2011-FINAL.pdf.
See Also: John Gramlich, “Q&A: What Pew Research Center’s New Survey Says About Local News in the U.S.,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, March 26, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/26/qa-what-pew-research-centers-new-survey-says-about-local-news-in-the-u-s/.
[52] Jolie O’Dell, “For the First Time, More People Get News Online Than From Newspapers,” Mashable, March 14, 2011, https://mashable.com/2011/03/14/online-versus-newspaper-news/.
[53] Todd Haselton, “More Americans Now Get News From Social Media Than From Newspapers, Says Survey,” CNBC, December 10, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/10/social-media-more-popular-than-newspapers-for-news-pew.html.
[54] Information on distribution of newspapers from Standard Rate and Data Service, Print Media Circulation, 1992.
And: Information on distribution of newspapers from Standard Rate and Data Service, Print Media Circulation, 2018.
[55] Ibid.
[56] Mason Walker, “Who Pays for Local News in the U.S.?” FactTank, Pew Research Center, September 12, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/12/who-pays-for-local-news-in-the-u-s/.
[57] Hsiang Iris Chyi and Yee Man Margaret Ng, “Still Unwilling to Pay: An Empirical Analysis of 50 U.S. Newspapers’ Digital Subscription Results,” Digital Journalism (March, 2020), https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/DFGQGBYDC3CV3UZ3RHQP/full?target=10.1080/21670811.2020.1732831.
[58] Penelope Muse Abernathy and Joann Sciarrino, The Strategic Digital Media Entrepreneur, (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2019).
[59] Alex Jones, Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011).
[60] Elizabeth Grieco, “U.S. Newspapers Have Shed Half of Their Newsroom Employees Since 2008,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, April 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/20/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008/.
[61] Philip Napoli et al., “Assessing Local Journalism,” Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, August, 2018, https://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Assessing-Local-Journalism_100-Communities.pdf.
[62] Tom Jones, “Why Did It Take So Long for the Ahmaud Arbery Shooting to Become One of the Biggest Stories in the Country?” Poynter, May 12, 2020, https://www.poynter.org/newsletters/2020/why-did-it-take-so-long-for-the-ahmaud-arbery-shooting-to-become-one-of-the-biggest-stories-in-the-country/.
[63] Charles Bethea, “What Happens When the News Is Gone?” The New Yorker, January 27, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-future-of-democracy/what-happens-when-the-news-is-gone.
[64] Joe Nocera, “Alden Global Capital’s Business Model Destroys Newspapers for Little Gain,” Bloomberg, March 26, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2018-03-26/alden-global-capital-s-business-model-destroys-newspapers-for-little-gain.
[65] Anna Clark, “The Last Days of the Cleveland Plain Dealer Newsroom,” Columbia Journalism Review, May 13, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/analysis/advance-local-one-cleveland-plain-dealer-layoffs.php.
[66] James Hamilton, Democracy’s Detectives (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2016).
[67] James Hamilton, Democracy’s Detectives (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2016).
[68] Sarah Cavanah, “Measuring Metropolitan Newspaper Pullback and Its Effects on Political Participation,” Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, 2016, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/182213.
[69] Tom Jones, “A Brunswick Reporter Talks About the Ahmaud Arbery Shooting: ‘It Didn’t Smell Good From the Start,’ ” Poynter, March 14, 2020, https://www.poynter.org/newsletters/2020/a-brunswick-reporter-talks-about-the-ahmaud-arbery-shooting-it-didnt-smell-good-from-the-start/.
[70] Interview with Jon Schleuss, President, NewsGuild, March 29, 2020.
[71] James Hamilton, Democracy’s Detectives (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2016).
[72] Ibid.
[73] The New York Times Company, “The New York Times Company Reports 2019 Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year Results and Announces Dividend Increase,” New York Times Company, February 6, 2020, https://investors.nytco.com/investors/investor-news/investor-news-details/2020/The-New-York-Times-Company-Reports-2019-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-Results-and-Announces-Dividend-Increase/default.aspx.
[74] Mark Anderson, “McClatchy Eliminating Saturday Print Editions in More Markets,” Sacramento Business Journal, June 6, 2019, https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2019/06/06/mcclatchy-eliminating-saturday-printeditions-in.html.
[75] David Bockino, “Three Days a Week: Has A New Production Cycle Altered The Times-Picayune’s News Coverage?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Renaissance Hotel, Washington DC, Aug 08, 2013.
[76] Samantha Sunne, “The Times-Picayune Was Absorbed by the Advocate in New Orleans Yesterday. Here’s What Happened to Its Staff,” Poynter, July 1, 2019, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2019/the-times-picayune-was-absorbed-by-the-advocate-in-new-orleans-yesterday-heres-what-happened-to-its-staff/.
[77] Mark Jacob, “The Arkansas Gamble: Can a Tablet and a Print Replica Rescue Local News?” Local News Initiative, Northwestern, January 13, 2020, https://localnewsinitiative.northwestern.edu/posts/2020/01/13/arkansas-democrat-gazette-tablet/.
[78] Paul Tash, “Pandemic Prompts Change in Newspaper Delivery at Tampa Bay Times,” Tampa Bay Times, March 30, 2020, https://www.tampabay.com/news/business/2020/03/30/pandemic-prompts-change-in-newspaper-delivery-at-tampa-bay-times/.
[79] Penelope Muse Abernathy, “One Publisher’s Story: ‘We Need to Diversify,’” Center For Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, Hussman School of Journalism and Media, UNC at Chapel Hill, 2019, https://www.cislm.org/digitalstrategy/sdme-chapter-10-investing-in-key-assets-and-capabilities/sdme-one-publishers-story-we-need-to-diversify/.
[80] Saheli Roy Choudhury, “SoftBank to Buy Fortress Investment for $3.3 Billion in Cash,” CNBC, February 14, 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/14/softbank-to-buy-fortress-investment-for-33-billion.html.
[81] Rick Edmonds, “As the Gannett-GateHouse Merger Is Approved, a Long Road to Digital Transformation Remains,” Poynter, November 14, 2019, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2019/as-the-gannett-gatehouse-merger-is-approved-a-long-road-to-digital-transformation-remains/.
[82] Ibid.
[83] Fern Siegel, “Lee Enterprises Buys BH Media Group’s Newspapers for $140 Million,” MediaPost, PublishersDaily, January 29, 2020, https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/346368/lee-enterprises-buys-bh-media-groups-newspapers-f.html.
[84] Rick Edmonds, “Is Alden the Archvillain Crushing Local News? It’s a Little More Complicated,” Poynter, February 20, 2020, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2020/is-alden-the-archvillain-crushing-local-news-its-a-little-more-complicated/.
[85] Kristen Hare, “Here Are the Newsroom Layoffs, Furloughs and Closures Caused by the Coronavirus,” Poynter, May 15, 2020, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2020/here-are-the-newsroom-layoffs-furloughs-and-closures-caused-by-the-coronavirus/.
[86] 6-month stock price for GCI (Gannett), LEE and TPCO (Tribune).
[87] Alan Mutter, “Newspaper Share Value Fell $64B in ’08,” Reflections of a Newsosaur, January 1, 2009, http://newsosaur.blogspot.com/2008/12/newspaper-share-value-fell-64b-in-08.html.
[88] Transaction stats from Dirks, Van Essen, Murray and April, Year-End 2017, December 31, 2017, http://dirksvanessen.com/articles/view/227/year-end-2017/ and Dirks, Van Essen, Murray and April, Q2 2018, July 1, 2018, http://dirksvanessen.com/articles/view/231/2nd-quarter-2018/.
[89] Rick Kelley, “AIM Media Buys Civitas Media Properties in Major Acquisition,” Valley Morning Star, June 13, 2017, https://www.valleymorningstar.com/2017/06/13/aim-media-buys-civitas-media-properties-in-major-acquisition/.
[90] “Investing in Newspapers in 2018,” Key Executives Mega-Conference Panel Discussion, San Diego, February 27, 2018.
[91] Robert McChesney, Communication Revolution: Critical Junctures and the Future of Media (New York: New Press, 2007).
[92] Megan Brenan, “Americans’ Trust in Mass Media Edges Down to 41%,” Gallup, September 26, 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/267047/americans-trust-mass-media-edges-down.aspx.
See Also: Megan Brenan, “Local News Media Considered Less Biased Than National News,” Gallup, November 8, 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/268160/local-news-media-considered-less-biased-national-news.aspx.
[93] John Gramlich, “Q&A: What Pew Research Center’s New Survey Says About Local News in the U.S.,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, March 26, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/26/qa-what-pew-research-centers-new-survey-says-about-local-news-in-the-u-s/.
[94] Robert McChesney, Communication Revolution: Critical Junctures and the Future of Media (New York: New Press, 2007).
[95] “Investing in Newspapers in 2018,” Key Executives Mega-Conference Panel Discussion, San Diego, February 27, 2018, http://snpa.static2.adqic.com/static/2018MegaProgram.pdf
See Also: “Thwarting the Emergence of News Deserts,” UNC Center for Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, 2017, https://www.cislm.org/resources/report/thwarting-the-emergence-of-news-deserts/.
And: “Hearst Acquires Print, Digital and Local Media Assets of 21st Century Media Newspaper, LLC, Including the New Haven Register,” Hearst, June 5, 2017, https://www.hearst.com/-/hearst-acquires-print-digital-and-local-media-assets-of-21st-century-media-newspaper-llc-including-the-new-haven-register.
[96] Julie Reynolds, “Hedge Fund Alden Siphoned 100s of Millions From Newspapers in Scheme to Gamble on Other Investments, Suit Says,” dfmworkers.org, March 8, 2018 https://dfmworkers.org/hedge-fund-alden-siphoned-100s-of-millions-from-newspapers-in-scheme-to-gamble-on-other-investments-suit-says/.
[98] Eli M. Noam, Media Ownership and Concentration in America (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009).
[99] Penelope Muse Abernathy and Joann Sciarrino, The Strategic Digital Media Entrepreneur, (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2019).
[101] Pew Center, “Newspapers Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 9, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/newspapers/.
[102] John Nagy, “What a Family Owned Paper Means to a Community,” in Thwarting the Emergence of News Deserts, ed. Penelope Abernathy (Chapel Hill, UNC Press, 2017).
[103] Penelope Abernathy, “One Publisher’s Story: ‘We Need to Diversify,’” Center For Innovation and Sustainability in Local Media, Hussman School of Journalism and Media, UNC-Chapel Hill, 2019, https://www.cislm.org/digitalstrategy/sdme-chapter-10-investing-in-key-assets-and-capabilities/sdme-one-publishers-story-we-need-to-diversify/.
[104] Penelope Muse Abernathy, Saving Community Journalism: The Path to Profitability (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2014).
[105] Phil Wright, “EO Media Group Buys Bend Bulletin,” East Oregonian, July 29, 2019, https://www.eastoregonian.com/news/local/eo-media-group-buys-bend-bulletin/article_e7907dfa-b20d-11e9-a9b2-4be6e2beadab.html.
[106] Research Interview with New England Newspapers Inc. President Fredric Rutberg, July 13, 2018.
[107] Reed College of Media, “Five NewStart Fellows Named for New Master’s Program,” West Virginia University, April 28, 2020, https://mediacollege.wvu.edu/news/2020/04/28/five-newstart-fellows-named-for-new-masters-program.
[108] Penelope Muse Abernathy, Saving Community Journalism: The Path to Profitability, (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2014).
[109] Jefferson Graham, “Legendary Chicago Defender Publication to Go Digital Only,” USA Today, July 7, 2019, https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/07/07/chicago-defender-cease-print-publication-go-online-only/1668023001/.
[110] Gustavo Martínez Contreras, “Oldest Spanish Newspaper in the U.S. Struggles to Stay Afloat and Relevant,” Borderzine, January 30, 2016, https://borderzine.com/2016/01/oldest-spanish-newspaper-in-the-u-s-struggles-to-stay-afloat-and-relevant/.
[111] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June, 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[112] Sonam Vashi, “How Mundo Hispánico, Georgia’s Largest Spanish-language Newspaper, Survived a Near-Death Experience,” Atlanta Magazine, March 22, 2019, https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/how-mundo-hispanico-georgias-largest-spanish-language-newspaper-survived-a-near-death-experience/.
[113] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[114] Jodi Rave, “American Indian Media Today,” Democracy Fund, November 2018, https://democracyfund.org/idea/american-indian-media-today/.
[115] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[116] Flint Beat, “About Us,” Flint Beat, December 26, 2018, http://flintbeat.com/about-us/.
[117] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June, 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[118] Sonam Vashi, “How Mundo Hispánico, Georgia’s Largest Spanish-Language Newspaper, Survived a Near-Death Experience,” Atlanta Magazine, March 22, 2019, https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/how-mundo-hispanico-georgias-largest-spanish-language-newspaper-survived-a-near-death-experience/.
[119] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[120] Santa Cruz Local, “About,” Santa Cruz Local, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://santacruzlocal.org/about/.
See Also: Santa Cruz Local, “Help,” Santa Cruz Local, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://santacruzlocal.org/help/.
[121] Elizabeth Grieco, “U.S. Newspapers Have Shed Half of Their Newsroom Employees Since 2008,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, April 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/20/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008/
[122] Philip Napoli and Jessica Mahone, “Local Newspapers Are Suffering, but They’re Still (by Far) the Most Significant Journalism Producers in Their Communities,” Nieman Lab, September 9, 2019, https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/09/local-newspapers-are-suffering-but-theyre-still-by-far-the-most-significant-journalism-producers-in-their-communities/.
See Also: Jessica Mahone et al., “Who’s Producing Local Journalism: Assessing Journalistic Output Across Different Outlet Types,” Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, August 2019, https://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/whos-producing-local-journalism-nmrp-report/.
[123] Alan D. Mutter, “Op-Ed: Why Online News Sites Keep Failing,” Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2015, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0625-mutter-news-startups-20150625-story.html.
[124] https://marylandreporter.com/2017/08/16/what-is-montgomery-reporter/
[125] Christine Schmidt, “Want to Start Your Own Local Online News Outlet? With a New Staff and a $1 Million Grant, LION Publishers Wants to Do More to Help,” Nieman Lab, December 9, 2019, https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/12/want-to-start-your-own-local-online-news-outlet-with-a-new-staff-and-a-1-million-grant-lion-publishers-wants-to-do-more-to-help/.
[126] Ibid.
[127] Michele McLellan, Jesse Holcomb, “INN Index 2019,” Institute for Nonprofit News, 2019, https://inn.org/innindex/.
[128] Matthew Nisbet et al., “Funding the News: Foundations and Nonprofit Media,” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, June 18, 2018, https://shorensteincenter.org/funding-the-news-foundations-and-nonprofit-media/.
[129] Knight Foundation, “Support Local,” Knight Foundation, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://knightfoundation.org/features/localnews/.
[130] Interview with Laurie Paarlberg, Stewart Mott Chair in Philanthropy, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, March 23, 2020.
[131] Matthew Nisbet et al., “Funding the News: Foundations and Nonprofit Media,” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, June 18, 2018, https://shorensteincenter.org/funding-the-news-foundations-and-nonprofit-media/.
[132] Michele McLellan, Jesse Holcomb, “INN Index 2019,” Institute for Nonprofit News, 2019, https://inn.org/innindex/.
[133] Interview with Tom Shine, News Director, KMUW, March 20, 2020.
[134] Interview and Correspondence with Sue Cross, CEO and Executive Director, Institute for Nonprofit News, March 12, 2020, and April 29, 2020.
[135] Ibid.
[136] Pew Center, “Local TV News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, June 25, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/local-tv-news/.
See Also: CPB, “About Public Media,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://www.cpb.org/aboutpb/what-public-media.
[137] Pew Center, “What Are the Local News Dynamics in Your City: Raleigh, Pinehurst, Bennington,” Pew Research Center, March 26, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/interactives/local-news-habits/13540/.
[138] Howard Husock, “Public Media Must Reimagine Itself for a New Era – Or Give Up ‘Reason to Exist,’” Current, December 7, 2018, https://current.org/2018/12/public-media-must-reimagine-itself-for-a-new-era-or-give-up-reason-to-exist/.
[139] CPB, “Preliminary FY 2019 Operating Budget,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 2019, https://www.cpb.org/sites/default/files/Approved%20FY%202019%20Operating%20Budget.pdf.
See Also: CPB, “Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Broadcasting Stations,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, June 20, 2012, https://www.cpb.org/files/aboutcpb/Alternative_Sources_of_Funding_for_Public_Broadcasting_Stations.pdf
And: Pew Center, “Public Broadcasting Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, July 23, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/public-broadcasting/.
[140] Howard Husock, “Public Media Must Reimagine Itself for a New Era – Or Give Up ‘Reason to Exist,’” Current, December 7, 2018, https://current.org/2018/12/public-media-must-reimagine-itself-for-a-new-era-or-give-up-reason-to-exist/.
[141] Interview with Robert Papper, Director, RTDNA Annual br>See Also: Pew Center, “Local TV News Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, June 25, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/local-tv-news/.
[142] Howard Husock, “Public Media Must Reimagine Itself for a New Era – Or Give Up ‘Reason to Exist,’ ” Current, December 7, 2018, https://current.org/2018/12/public-media-must-reimagine-itself-for-a-new-era-or-give-up-reason-to-exist/.
[143] Interview with Robert Papper, Director, RTDNA Annual Survey, March 22, 2020.
[144] NPR, “Collaborative Journalism: NPR and Member Stations Working Together,” National Public Radio, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/805749582/collaborative-journalism-npr-and-member-stations-working-together.
[145] Interview with Tom Shine, News Director, KMUW, March 20, 2020.
[146] NPR, “NPR And California Public Radio Stations Collaborate On a Statewide Regional Newsroom,” National Public Radio, February 6, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/803359435/npr-and-california-public-radio-stations-collaborate-on-a-statewide-regional-new.
[147] NPR, “Collaborative Journalism: NPR and Member Stations Working Together,” National Public Radio, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/805749582/collaborative-journalism-npr-and-member-stations-working-together.
[148] Interview with Robert Papper, Director, RTDNA Annual Survey, March 22, 2020.
[149] NPR, “Collaborative Journalism: NPR and Member Stations Working Together,” National Public Radio, Accessed May 17, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/805749582/collaborative-journalism-npr-and-member-stations-working-together.
[150] Matthew Nisbet et al., “Funding the News: Foundations and Nonprofit Media,” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, June 18, 2018, https://shorensteincenter.org/funding-the-news-foundations-and-nonprofit-media/.
[151] Howard Husock, “Public Media Must Reimagine Itself for a New Era – Or Give Up ‘Reason to Exist,’ ” Current, December 7, 2018, https://current.org/2018/12/public-media-must-reimagine-itself-for-a-new-era-or-give-up-reason-to-exist/.
[152] Penelope Muse Abernathy and Richard Foster, “The News Landscape in 2014: Transformed or Diminished? (Formulating a Game Plan for Survival in the Digital Era),” Geopolitics, History & International Relations, 2, No. 2 (2016).
[153] Pulitzer Prizes, “Winners by Category: Public Service,” Pulitzer Prizes, Accessed May 18, 2020, https://www.pulitzer.org/ prize-winners-by-category/204.
[154] William H. Frey, “The US Will Become ‘Minority White’ in 2045, Census Projects,” Brookings, September 10, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/03/14/the-us-will-become-minority-white-in-2045-census-projects/.
[155] M. Rodriguez, B. Horton, and K. Bammarito, Toolkit for Community Health Providers: Engaging Ethnic Media to Inform Communities about Safe Infant Sleep (Washington D.C.: National Center for Cultural Competence, Georgetown University for Child and Human Development, 2012), https://nccc.georgetown.edu/engaging-ethnic-media/Engaging-Ethnic-Media.pdf.
[156] Daniela Gerson and Carlos Rodriguez, “Going Forward: How Ethnic and Mainstream Media Can Collaborate in Changing Communities,” American Press Institute, July 19, 2018, https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/strategy-studies/ethnic-and-mainstream-media-collaborations-in-changing-communities/.
[157] The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords, directed by Stanley Nelson (1999; PBS), Television Film.
[158] “Quick Facts: United States,” United States Census Bureau, July, 2019, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219.
[159] William H. Frey, “As Americans Spread Out, Immigration Plays a Crucial Role in Local Population Growth,” Brookings, April 22, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/as-americans-spread-out-immigration-plays-a-crucial-role-in-local-population-growth/.
[160] Kristen Bialik, “5 Facts About Blacks in the U.S.,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, February 22, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/02/22/5-facts-about-blacks-in-the-u-s/.
[161] “The State of the Latino News Media,” The Latino Media Report, CUNY Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism, June, 2019, http://thelatinomediareport.journalism.cuny.edu/.
[162] Ibid.
[163] Elisa Shearer, “Hispanic and Black News Media Fact Sheet,” Journalism & Media, Pew Research Center, July 9, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/fact-sheet/hispanic-and-black-news-media/.
[164] Daffodil Altan, “Ethnic Media in the U.S.: A Growing Force,” Frontline, PBS, February 27, 2007, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newswar/part3/ethnic.html.
[165] Michael Graff, “Life Lessons: La Noticia Publisher Hilda Gurdian,” Charlotte Magazine, December 26, 2016, https://www.charlottemagazine.com/life-lessons-la-noticia-publisher-hilda-gurdian/.
[166] L.A. Sentinel 2019 Media Kit, (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Sentinel, 2019), https://lasentinel.net/static/pdf/2019-LASentinel-Media-Kit-v5.pdf
[167] “Focusing: Why the Chicago Defender Went Digital-Only,” Local News Initiative, Northwestern University, September 9, 2019, https://localnewsinitiative.northwestern.edu/posts/2019/09/09/news-leaders-defender/ .
[168] Jonathan Taplin, “Forget ATT. The Real Monopolies are Google and Facebook (The New York Times, Dec. 13, 2016). https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/13/opinion/forget-att-the-real-monopolies-are-google-and-facebook.html
[169] “Income Percentile by Race Calculator for 2018,” DQYDJ, 2018, https://dqydj.com/income-percentile-by-race-calculator/.
[170] Matthew Nisbet and John Wihbey, “Funding the News: Foundations and Nonprofit Media,” Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, June 18, 2018, https://shorensteincenter.org/funding-the-news-foundations-and-nonprofit-media/.
[171] Jodi Rave, “American Indian Media Today,” Democracy Fund, December 6, 2018, https://www.democracyfund.org/publications/american-indian-media-today
[172] Ibid.
[173] “The State of Latino News Media,”The Latino Media Report.
[174] “Tribune to Sell Hoy New York to ImpreMedia,” InPlay Briefing, Reuters, February 12, 2007, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSIN20070212111542TRB20070212 .
[175] Shearer, “Hispanic and Black News Media.”
[176] “Tribune Publishing Closing Hoy,” News & Tech, November 22, 2019, https://newsandtech.com/mergers_acquisitions/tribune-publishing-closing-hoy/article_f774d870-0d56-11ea-9457-279b5fda724b.html.
[177] “Focusing,” Local News Initiative.
[178] “The State of Latino News Media,”The Latino Media Report;“Lupa,” Radio Ambulante, NPR, accessed March 8, 2020, https://radioambulante.org/en/education/lupa; Eduardo Suárez, “How a podcast created a language app to better serve its audience,” Reuters Institute, University of Oxford, November 12, 2019, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/risj-review/how-podcast-created-language-app-better-serve-its-audience.
[179] Nicolás Kanellos and Helvetia Martell, Hispanic Periodicals in the United States, Origins to 1960: A Brief History and Comprehensive Bibliography (Houston: Arte Publico Press, 1999).
[180] Ibid.
[181] Juan Gonzalez and Joseph Torres, News for All the People: The Epic Story of Race and the American Media (London: Verso, 2011).
[182] Charlotte O’Kelly, “Black Newspapers and the Black Protest Movement: Their Historical Relationship, 1827-1945,” Phylon 43, no. 1 (1982): 1-14.
[183] Elizabeth James, “Toward Alaska Native Political Organization: The Origins of Tundra Times,” Western Historical Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2010): 285-303.
[184] Sherry Yu, “Multi-ethnic public sphere and accessible ethnic media: mapping online English-language ethnic media,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 11 (2018): 1976-1993.
[185] “La Gaceta,” La Gaceta Newspaper, accessed March 8, 2020, http://lagacetanewspaper.com/.
[186] Kanellos and Martell, Hispanic Periodicals.
[187] Antonio Flores and Mark Hugo Lopez, “Among U.S. Latinos, the Internet Now Rivals Television as a Source for News,” FactTank, Pew Research Center, January 11, 2018, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/11/among-u-s-latinos-the-internet-now-rivals-television-as-a-source-for-news/
[188] “Focusing,” Local News Initiative.
[189] Shearer, “Hispanic and Black News Media.”
[190] Grand Forks Herald, “Other View: A World Without Newspapers? Be Serious,” Duluth News Tribune, August 16,, 2017, https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/opinion/4312825-other-view-world-without-newspapers-be-serious.
[191] Ricardo Sandoval-Palos, “Water for Deserts,” PBS Public Editor, PBS, Last Updated March 2, 2020, https://www.pbs.org/publiceditor/blogs/pbs-public-editor/water-for-deserts/.
[192] Current, “Homepage,” Current, Accessed April 8, 2020, https://current.org/.
[193] Julie Drizin, in discussion with the author, March 16, 2020.
[194] NPR Media Relations, “NPR Maintains Highest Ratings Ever,” National Public Radio, March 28, 2018, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/597590072/npr-maintains-highest-ratings-ever.
[195] PBS, “About PBS,” Public Broadcasting Service, Accessed April 7, 2020, http://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/overview/.
[196] CPB, “CPB Support for Rural Stations,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Accessed April 13, 2020, https://www.cpb.org/aboutpb/rural.
[197] Kerri Hoffman, (CEO, PRX) in discussion with the author, April 1, 2020.
[198] “Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.” Encyclopedia.com https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/ecncyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/public-broadcasting-act-1967
[199] Kerri Hoffman (CEO, PRX) in discussion with the author, April 1, 2020.
[200] FCC, “Overview,” Federal Communications Commission, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://www.fcc.gov/.
[201] Kerri Hoffman (CEO, PRX) in discussion with the author, April 1, 2020.
[202] Alan Yu, “Love It or Hate It, Truckers Say They Can’t Stop Listening to Public Radio,” Current, August 21, 2017, https://current.org/2017/08/love-it-or-hate-it-truckers-say-they-cant-stop-listening-to-public-radio/.
[203] Adam Ragusea, “Topple the Towers: Why Public Radio and Television Stations Should Radically Reorient Toward Digital-First Local News, and How They Could Do It,” Knight Foundation, 2017, https://knightfoundation.org/public-media-white-paper-2017-ragusea/.
[204] CPB, “Overview Fact Sheet.”
[205] CPB, “Preliminary FY 2019 Operating Budget,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://www.cpb.org/sites/default/files/Approved%20FY%202019%20Operating%20Budget.pdf.
[206] CPB, “2020 Radio Community Service Grants General Provisions and Eligibility Criteria,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, October 2019, https://www.cpb.org/sites/default/files/stations/radio/generalprovisions/FY-2020-Radio-General-Provisions.pdf.
[207] NPR, “Public Radio Finances,” National Public Radio, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/178660742/public-radio-finances.
[208] Victor Pickard, “Journalism’s Failure,” https://hbr.org/2020/03/journalisms-market-failure-is-a-crisis-for-democracy.
[209] CPB, “CPB Support for Rural Stations,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://www.cpb.org/aboutpb/rural.
[210] Current, “Our Guide to State Funding of Public Media,” Current, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://current.org/state-funding-guide/.
[211] APM, “Organizational Structure,” American Public Media, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://www.americanpublicmedia.org/about/org-structure/.
[212] Ursula Ruedenberg (Pacifica Affiliate Network Manager) in correspondence with the author, April 1, 2020.
[213] Bob Papper, “2019 Research: Local TV and Radio News Strengths,” https://www.rtdna.org/article/2019_research_local_tv_and_radio_news_strengths.
[214] FCC, “Nonprofit Media,” Federal Communication Commission, Accessed April 7, 2020, https://transition.fcc.gov/osp/inc-report/INoC-6-Public-Broadcasting.pdf.
[215] Kerri Hoffman, April 1, 2020.
[216] CPB, “Overview Fact Sheet,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, December 2019, https://www.cpb.org/sites/default/files/CPB_Fact_Sheet.pdf.
[217] NPR, “Texas Public Radio Stations and NPR Launch Collaborative Statewide Newsroom,” National Public Radio, September 5, 2019, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/759028569/texas-public-radio-stations-and-npr-launch-collaborative-statewide-newsroom.
[218] MWNB, “Mountain West News Bureau,” KRCC, Southern Colorado NPR, Accessed April 8, 2020, https://www.krcc.org/programs/mountain-west-news-bureau.
[219] NPR, “CPB, NPR Partner with Public Media Stations to Launch Gulf States Newsroom,” National Public Radio, February 20, 2020, https://www.npr.org/about-npr/807704118/cpb-npr-partner-with-public-media-stations-to-launch-gulf-states-newsroom.
[220] Ibid.
[221] Chuck Holmes, executive director WBHM, in discussion with author, March 13, 2020.
[222] Elizabeth Jensen, “Working Together to Alleviate ‘News Deserts,’” NPR Opinion, National Public Radio, March 6, 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/publiceditor/2020/03/06/812096584/working-together-to-alleviate-news-deserts.
[223] Howard Husock, discussion with the author, March 13, 2020.
[224] WAMU, “Homepage,” WAMU, American University Radio, Accessed April 8, 2020, https://wamu.org/.
[225] Julie Drizin,in correspondence with the author, March 17, 2020.
[226] Kerri Hoffman, April 1, 2020.
[227] Bob Papper, “2019 Research: Local TV and Radio News Strengths, https://www.rtdna.org/article/2019_research_local_tv_and_radio_news_strengths.
[228] Steve Coll, “Reboot,” CJR, Columbia Journalism Review, November/December 2010, https://archives.cjr.org/cover_story/reboot.php.
[229] Vincent Stehle, “In the Covid-19 Crisis, Philanthropy’s Investment in Local News Pays Off,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, March 26, 2020, https://www.philanthropy.com/article/In-the-Covid-19-Crisis/248347?cid=cpfd_home.
[230] Erik Wemple, “Stimulus Funding Can’t Come Fast Enough for Public Broadcasters,” Washington Post, , March 27, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/27/stimulus-funding-cant-come-fast-enough-public-broadcasters/.
[231] Gregg Re, “Senate Coronavirus Bill Includes $75M for Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Which Funds NPR, ‘Big Bird,’” Fox News, March 25, 2020, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/senate-coronavirus-bill-75m-corporation-for-public-broadcasting-npr-big-bird.
[232] William Tayman Jr., “Proposed FY 2020 Operating Budget,” Corporation for Public Broadcasting, September 18, 2019, https://www.cpb.org/files/aboutcpb/financials/budget/FY2020-Operating-Budget.pdf.
[233] WNYC, “Homepage,” WNYC, New York Public Radio, Accessed April 8, 2020, https://www.wnyc.org/.
[234] Laura Walker (former president and CEO, WNYC) in discussion with the author, March 16, 2020.
[235] Howard Husock, March 13, 2020.
[236] Victor Pickard, “Journalism’s Failure,” https://hbr.org/2020/03/journalisms-market-failure-is-a-crisis-for-democracy.
[237] Kerri Hoffman, “Public Radio Beyond the Pandemic,” Medium, April 1, 2020, https://medium.com/prxofficial/public-radio-beyond-the-pandemic.
[238] https://www.facebook.com/journalismproject/facebook-today-in-expands.
[239] Phone interview, April 15, 2020.
[240] Phone interview, April 15, 2020.
[243] https://about.fb.com/news/2019/10/introducing-facebook-news/
[244] https://hsjmc.umn.edu/news/2019-09-09-new-study-local-news-facebook
[245] UNC researchers took a random sample of 40 percent of the articles on the Today In app in major metro areas to produce a final sample of 1,103 articles, sourced by one of four categories: daily newspaper, non-daily newspaper, TV news, or other.
[246] UNC researchers followed Today In apps for three North Carolina cities in September 2019 and April 2020: Chapel Hill (population 61,000), Durham (population 274,000) and Raleigh (population 469,000).
[247] https://www.facebook.com/journalismproject/facebook-research-news-deserts
[249] Facebook followers were taken from Facebook pages on 11/22/2019. WRAL: 603,601 followers, ABC 11: 474,138 followers, CBS17: 158,813 followers, News & Observer -- 115,858 followers.
[253] https://localnewsinitiative.northwestern.edu/posts/2019/09/09/news-leaders-defender/
[254] Phone interview April 16,2020
[255] https://about.fb.com/news/2019/10/introducing-facebook-news/
[256] Phone interview April 16, 2020
[258] Stephanie Sugars, “From fake news to enemy of the people: An anatomy of Trump’s tweets,” CPJ, January 30, 2019, https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/.
[259] SBA, “Paycheck Protection Program,” SBA, Accessed June 8, 2020, https://www.sba.gov/funding-programs/loans/coronavirus-relief-options/paycheck-protection-program#section-header-2.
[260] Keach Hagey, Jeffrey Trachtenberg, and Lindsay Wise, “Without Cornavirus Aid, Local Newspapers Could Fold,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/many-newspapers-want-coronavirus-stimulus-four-out-of-five-cant-get-it-11587987059.
[261] Jon Allsop, “The complications of federal assistance for newsrooms,” Columbia Journalism Review, May 13, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/ppp_loans_government_funding_media.php.
[262] Letter from Maria Cantwell et al. to Mitch McConnell and Charles Schumer, April 18th , 2020, https://www.kennedy.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/d/e/de5c7999-e116-4fa7-b8a9-f0708fa98481/A4603E1DFFABCAFAB2274E07022378ED.2020-04-18-local-newspaper-broadcaster-letter-final.pdf.
[263] HEROES Act, May 15, 2020, https://docs.house.gov/billsthisweek/20200511/BILLS-116hr6800ih.pdf.
[264] See “Can Journalism Be Saved,” New York Review of Books, February 27, 2020, interview with Nicholas Lemann.
[265] Tweet from Matt Pearce, April 30, 2020, https://twitter.com/mattdpearce/status/1255896227113168899.
[266] Letter from Debbie Dingell et al. to Donald Trump, April 20, 2020, https://upton.house.gov/uploadedfiles/200420supportlocalbroadcasters.pdf.
[267] Tim Ryan et al., “Congressman Tim Ryan Urges House Speaker Pelosi to Provide Assistance to Local Media Outlet>,” Press Release, Office of Time Ryan, April 16, 2020, https://timryan.house.gov/media/press-releases/congressman-tim-ryan-urges-house-speaker-pelosi-provide-assistance-local-media.
[268] Ryan’s press release shows support for four proposals: funding of public service ads, easing the transition to nonprofits, providing a tax credit for journalism jobs and offering newsrooms deferred interest loans. As of this writing, Ryan has not offered details. We comment on the first two ideas, which are supported by specific proposals.
[269] Steve Waldman, “Curing Local News for Good,” Columbia Journalism Review, March 31, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/analysis/local-news-rescue-plan.php.
[270] News Media Alliance, “Support Local Media,” News Media Alliance, Accessed June 8, 2020, http://www.newsmediaalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/NEEDED-SUPPORT-FOR-LOCAL-MEDIA-FINAL.pdf.
[271] Corey Kilgannon, “A Community Newspaper Gets Tough on a Village. The Village Pulls Its Ads,” New York Times, February 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/nyregion/garden-city-news-village-hall.html.
[272] Kevin G. Hall, “Federal agency says it will assume McClatchy pension plan if bankruptcy judge signs off,” Impact 2020, May 13, 2020, https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article242703376.html.
[273] American Benefits Council, “Groundbreaking Study of 703 Companies Reveals: Funding Rules will Divert Over $24 Billion from Economic Recovery in One Year,” American Benefits Council, April 21, 2020, https://www.americanbenefitscouncil.org/pub/?id=8E337716-1866-DAAC-99FB-FE7DC3428BE4.
[274] Motley Fool Transcribers, “Gannett Co Inc (GCI) Q1 2020 Earnings Call Transcript,” MFT, May 7, 2020, https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2020/05/07/gannett-co-inc-gci-q1-2020-earnings-call-transcrip.aspx.
[275] Take Responsibility for Workers and Families Act, March 22, 2020, https://www.napa-net.org/sites/napa-net.org/files/House-Democrats-Counterproposal-For-Stimulus.pdf.
[276] See endnote 115.
[277] CBO, “Save Community Newspaper Act of 2018 Cost Estimate,” Congressional Budget Office, September 10, 2018, https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2018-09/hr6377.pdf.
[278] Mike Lee, “Preventing Another Pension Bailout,” Office of Mike Lee, November 8, 2019, https://www.lee.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/issue-in-focus?ID=B18A1CF4-ADD6-4034-8E33-BE26283505AA.
[279] According to the News Media Alliance, the HEROES Act’s pension expansion would benefit McClatchy papers, the San Diego Tribune, the Keene Sentinel in New Hampshire and Vermont, Newspapers of New England, and the Daily Gazette in Schenectady, New York.
[280] Kevin G. Hall, “Federal agency says it will assume McClatchy pension plan if bankruptcy judge signs off,” Impact 2020, May 13, 2020, https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article242703376.html.
[281] Kristen Hare, “Here are the newsroom layoffs, furloughs and closures caused by the coronavirus,” Poynter, June 5, 2020, https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2020/here-are-the-newsroom-layoffs-furloughs-and-closures-caused-by-the-coronavirus/.
[282] Elizabeth Grieco, “U.S. newspapers have shed half of their newsroom employees since 2008,” FactTank, Pew Research, April 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/20/u-s-newsroom-employment-has-dropped-by-a-quarter-since-2008/.
[283] Free Press Action, “What a Journalism-Recovery Package Should Look Like,” Free Press Action, May 11, 2020, https://www.freepress.net/policy-library/what-journalism-recovery-package-should-look. See also: https://newsguild.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/TNG-CWA-letter-to-the-hill-April-9.pdf.
[284] Letter from Tim Ryan to Nancy Pelosi, April, 2020. http://dearcolleague.us/2020/04/letter-to-leadership-to-protect-local-media-in-next-coronavirus-package-2/.
[285] HEROES Act, Section 20211. The credit was created by the CARES Act, section 2301 https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6800/text; https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/748/text?format=txt….
[286] Mitt Romney, “Romney “Patriot Pay” Plan Would Support America’s Frontline Workers,” Office of Mitt Romney, May 1, 2020, https://www.romney.senate.gov/romney-patriot-pay-plan-would-support-americas-frontline-workers.
[287] Steve Waldman, “Curing Local News for Good,” Columbia Journalism Review, March 31, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/analysis/local-news-rescue-plan.php.
[288] H.R.3226 – Saving Local News Act of 2019, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3126?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22savin.
[289] https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6549394-SaltLakeTribuneIRS.html#document/p25
[290] David Schizer, “Subsidizing the Press,” Journal of Legal Analysis, Vol 3 no. 1, Spring 2011, https://academic.oup.com/jla/article/3/1/1/857941.
[291] Interview with David Schizer.
[292] Benjamin Mullin, “NPR Chief Warns of Steep Cost Cuts Amid Coronavirus Pandemic,” Wall Street Journal, April 16, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/npr-chief-warns-of-steep-cost-cuts-amid-coronavirus-pandemic-11587093462.
[293] The author was employed at CPB when political interference was attempted and rebuffed.
[294] Free Press Action, “What a Journalism-Recovery Package Should Look Like,” Free Press Action, May 11, 2020, https://www.freepress.net/policy-library/what-journalism-recovery-package-should-look.
[295] Steve Waldman, “Curing Local News for Good,” Columbia Journalism Review, March 31, 2020, https://www.cjr.org/analysis/local-news-rescue-plan.php.
[297] https://www.cpb.org/aboutcpb/history-timeline
[298] https://www.congress.gov/116/bills/hr1865/BILLS-116hr1865enr.pdf.
[299] Interview with Robert Papper, Radio Television Digital News Association/Hofstra University Newsroom Survey.
[300] Ibid.
[301] https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/a-new-role-for-public-broadcasting, and Interview with Howard Husock.
[302] Pew Research Center, “An overwhelming majority of Americans get at least some local news online,” Pew Research Center, March 19, 2019, https://www.journalism.org/2019/03/26/nearly-as-many-americans-prefer-to-get-their-local-news-online-as-prefer-the-tv-set/pj_2019-03-26_local-news_1-02/.
[303] Douglas Clark, “US Digital Ad Spending Will Surpass Traditional in 2019,” emarketer, February 20, 2019, https://newsroom.emarketer.com/newsroom/index.php/us-digital-ad-spending-will-surpass-traditional-in-2019/.
[304] Ibid.
[305] Ibid.
[306] https://www.newsmediaalliance.org/release-new-study-google-revenue-from-news-publishers-content/.
[308] https://www.newsmediaalliance.org/statement-do-publishers-really-keep-70-of-ad-revenue-tech-spox-says-yes-publishers-disagree/. For the tech perspective, see Ben Smith’s analysis: https://stratechery.com/2020/media-regulators-and-big-tech-indulgences-and-injunctions-better-approaches/.
[311] As a presidential candidate, Bernie Sanders said his administration would explore new ways to empower media organizations to collectively bargain with tech monopolies, but he has yet to sign on to the bill.
[312] Conversation with Danielle Coffey, News Media Alliance.
[314] https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-ramps-up-google-probe-with-heavy-focus-on-ad-tools-11580904003. See also: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/11/ftc-will-examine-prior-acquisitions-by-big-tech-companies.html, and: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/10/07/roughly-state-attorneys-general-plan-take-part-facebook-antitrust-probe-sources-say/
[316] https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/business/media/australia-facebook-google.html
[318] Conversation with Cicilline’s office.
[321] https://twitter.com/benyt/status/1255964149210808331?lang=en
[322] Papper interview.
[323] https://www.rtdna.org/uploads/files/2018%20Local%20News%20Research.pdf.
[324] https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/opinion/ajit-pai-media-ownership.html.
[325] https://archives.cjr.org/essay/from_the_desk_of_a_former_fcc.php, Copp interview.
[326] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/business/media/sinclair-news-anchors-script.html.
[329] https://www.niemanlab.org/2020/05/newsonomics-how-will-the-pandemic-panic-reshape-the-local-news-industry/.
[330] HR 1789, Local and Independent Television Protection Act of 2019.
[331] The commission proposed an incubator program, but it’s now blocked in court with the FCC’s other 2017 rule changes.[331] The program encouraged established stations to provide financial or management to aspiring stations. Mentor stations would then receive a “reward waiver,” enabling them to skirt ownership limits. Democratic Commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel opposed the program, worrying it would promote consolidation.
[332] H.R. 3957, the Expanding Broadcast Ownership Opportunities Act of 2017.
[333] Remarks of Commissioner Geoffrey Starks before the National Association of Broadcasters Board of Directors, Miami, FL, January 27, 2020, https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/2020.01.15_Briefing%20Memo%20CAT%20Leg%20Hearing%20-%20Diversity%20in%20Media%20Ownership.pdf.
[334] Adarand v Peña, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1994/93-1841.
[335] From remarks of FCC Commissioner Geoffrey Starks before the National Association Board of Directors, January 27, 2020.
[337] For more discussion see http://newspaperownership.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/07.UNC_RiseOfNewMediaBaron_SinglePage_01Sep2016-REDUCED.pdf
[339] https://www.durbin.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Letter%20to%20Alden%20Global%20Capital%20FINAL.pdf.
[342] Interview with Eileen Appelbaum.
[343] Wall Street Journal, Chamber of Commerce Joins Pushback Against Warren’s Private-Equity Plan.
[346] A breakdown of NJ’s $920M in frozen spending, BridgeTower Media, April 16, 2020.
[348] Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, States Grappling with Hit to Tax Collections.
[349] Margaret Sullivan, “The Local News Crisis is Destroying What a Divided America Desperately Needs: Common Ground,” The Washington Post, August 5, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-local-news-crisis-is-destroying-what-a-divided-america-desperately-needs-common-ground/2018/08/03/d654d5a8-9711-11e8-810c-5fa705927d54_story.html
[350] Transcript of Mark Zuckerberg’s testimony before the Senate Judicial and Commerce Committees, April 10, 2018. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/04-10-18%20Zuckerberg%20Testimony.pdf.
[351] Victor Pickard, Democracy without Journalism: confronting the misinformation society, (Oxford University Press, 2020)
[352] Duke University: Jessica Mahone et al. “Who’s Producing Local Journalism” (August 2019); and Philip Napoli et al. “Assessing Local Journalism: News Deserts, Journalism Divides and the Determinants of Local News (August 2018).
[353] UNC: Penelope Abernathy et al. “The Algorithm as Editor” in News Deserts and Ghost Newspapers: Will Local News Survive? (May 2020); and Justin Blankenship. “What Makes the News? TV’s Coverage of Rural Communities” in Thwarting the Emergence of News Deserts (March 2017)
[354] University of Minnesota: Matt Weber et al. “Local News on Facebook: Assessing the Critical Information Needs Served Through Facebook’s Today In Feature.” (September 2019).